英语语法学习，一般过去时精讲和试题及答案。一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last year, yesterday等。

一般过去时的概念：

一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last year, yesterday等。

例如：I saw him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上看见他了。

一般过去时的结构

1、肯定形式:主语+动词过去式+其他

例句：She often came to help us in those days.

2、否定形式：①was/were+not；②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词

例句：I didn't know you like coffee.

3、一般疑问句：①Did+主语+谓语动词原型+其他？②WasWere+主语+表语?

例如：-Did you go to Beijing last week?

-Yes, we did. (No, we didn't.)

4、一般过去时的特殊疑问句的构成：疑问词＋did+主语＋动词原形＋其它？

例如：-What did you do last night?

-I did my homework.

动词过去式的构成：

(1)规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则：

①一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如：look-looked。

②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去e再加-ed。如：live-lived。

③末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节（辅元辅结构），先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop-stopped。

④末尾是辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i，然后再加-ed。如：study-studied。

(2)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。如：am(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等。

一般过去时口诀

一般过去时并不难，

表示过去动作、状态记心间。

动词要用过去式，

时间状语句末站。

否定句很简单，

didn't 站在动词原形前，

其它部分不要变。

一般疑问句也好变，

did放在句子前，

主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站。

特殊疑问句也简单，

疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。

最后一条请注意，

动词过去式要牢记。

一般过去式专项练习

一、改写句子

1、Lucy did her homework at home.（改否定句）

Lucy ________ _______ her homework at home.

2、He foundsome meatin the fridge（冰箱）.（对划线部分提问)

___________ ___________ he __________ in the fridge?

3、There was some orange in the cup.（变一般疑问句)

_______ there _______ orange in the cup?

4. Frank read an interesting book about history. （一般疑问句）

_______ Frank _______ an interesting book about history?

参考答案、

1.didn't do

2. What; did; find

3. Was; any

4. Did; read

二、句型转换

they read english last night.

一般疑问句：________________________________________

肯定/否定回答：____________________________________

对划线部分提问：____________________________________

参考答案“

did they read english last night?

yes,they did./no,they didn't.

what did they do last night?

三、用所给动词的适当形式填空

1.Tom andMary ___________ (come) to china last month.

2.Mike _________________(not go) to bed until 12 o’clock last night. so I_______ (get ) up late.

3.Mary __________ (read) english yesterday morning.

4.There _________ (be) no one here a moment ago.

5.I ___________ (call) mike this morning.

6.Ilistened but ___________ (hear) nothing.

7.Tom ___________ (begin) to learn chinese last year.

8.Last week we _________ (pick) many apples on the farm.

9.My mother ________________ (not do) housework yesterday.

10.She watches tv every evening. But she _______________ (not watch) tv last night.

11.________ your father ________ ( go ) to work every day last year?

12. —What time _______ you _______ (get) to beijing yesterday?

—We __________ (get) to beijing at 9:00 in the evening.

13.What __________ (make) him cry (哭) just now?

14.Last year the teacher ___________ (tell) us that the earth moves around the sun.

参考答案

1.came 2. didn’t go got 3. read 4. was 5. called 6.heard 7.began 8.picked 9.didn’t do 10.didn’t watch 11. Did go 12.did get got 13. made 14. told

一般将来时

1.概念：一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。

2.一般将来时的三种意义：

预测（prediction)：表示说话人认为将会发生某件事，即是表示猜测将来某事发生的可能性

如：It will rain later.一会会下雨。

事先计划（future plan）：表示说话人在头脑里已经决定好将来要做某件事

如：My holiday is so long , and I am going to travel.

意愿（willingness):表示说话人既不是预计某事将会发生，也不是预计经过考虑决定将做某事，而是在说话的时刻立即表明他将去做某事

如：Someone is knocking at the door,I will go and open it.

一般将来时的结构

一般将来时常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。英式英语第一人称用 shall，第二、三人称用 will，而美式英语则不管什么人称，一律用 will。

如：tomorrow（明天），next week（下周），from now on（从现在开始）；in the future（将来）等。

⒈ 主语 + be going to do 表示主观的打算或计划。

⒉ 主语 + shall/will + do sth 其否定式 shall not 和 will not 的缩写式分别为 shan't 和 won't。

⒊ be 主语 + to do 表示客观安排或受人指示做某事或已安排好要在将来发生的事，是比较正式的用法。

如：They are to go on a strike on July 8.

She is to be married next month.

You are to finish your homework before you go to play.

⒋ 主语 + be about to do，意为马上作某事，不能与 tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用，意思为“正要，马上就要”。

如：The train is about to leave.

Sally has her hand on the doorknob. She is about to open the door.

⒌ 用现在进行时表示位置转移的动词（如：go，come，leave，start，arrive 等），可用现在进行时表示将来时。

如：Uncle Wang is coming.王叔叔就要来了。

They're leaving for Beijing.他们即将前往北京。

一般将来时的用法

1.预测

① will 表将来预测。我们对 will 非常熟悉，因为它通常被作为一般将来时态的代言人。其最典型的用法就是对未来进行预测会发生什么。

美国《时代》周刊在其网站发布了对21世纪做出各种展望预测，下面是一些例子：

Will we travel to the stars?

我们能够进行星际旅行吗？

Will we clone a dinosaur?

我们能克隆恐龙吗？

Will the brain understand itself?

大脑能理解自己吗？

Will we live on Mars?

我们会生活在火星吗？

Will women still need men?

女人还需要男人吗？

Will China be Number One?

中国会成为全球霸主吗？

② be going to表示将来预测

如：Look at those black clouds, and there is going to rain.

这满天的鸟云，要下雨了！

③ Will do 和 be going to do 都有表示预测，但 be going to do 比 will do 有更多的证据支持，而且事件发生的时间更近，will 所表示的动作发生的时间可近可远。

由于 be going to 是一个现在进行时的形式，因此，它所表示的对将来行为的预测往往暗示与现在有联系，而且是在说话后不久就将发生的。

所以当有现在的证据可以支持预测时，或者说根据目前的明显迹象来推断某件事将要发生时，我们就要用 be going to，而不宜用 will do.

如：Look at the time. I am going to miss my bus.Don't worry, I will drive you to the stop. And if the bus has already left, I can get you to your apartment.

The traffic is terrible. We are going to be late.

By the time we get to the airport, Bob's plane will alreadyhave arrived, and he will be wondering where we are.

这显然是说话人在车里，看着当时路上拥堵的交通状况，做出了要迟到的预测。

You look very pale. I am sure you are going to get sick.

你看起来很苍白，我想你肯定是要生病了。

④ be going to do 往往还表示当前已有迹象表明说话者无力控制的即将发生的行为。

如：Help! I am going to fall!

救命呀，我要掉下去了。

Oh,my dear! They are going to drive into that tree.

Hurry up! The cup is going to drop.

⑤ will 用于在某种条件下某事才会发生的情况。所以，在带有条件或时间状语从句的主句中，我们通常用 will 表示预测，而不用 be going to。

如：You will feel better, when you take this medicine.

吃了这些药，你就会感觉好些的。

If you don't hurry up,he won't wait for you any more.

If you speak more, your English will be better and better.

be going to do 除了有推测的意思，我们最熟悉的一个用法就是常用它来表示计划或打算。

说话人已经在头脑里早做出决定将来要做某件事，并且往往还含有已经为这一行为做了某些准备的意思。又因为只有人才能有主观的思维意识去对将来的行为做出计划，因此，be going to do 表示计划或打算时，为人称主语。人称主语既有推测的用法，也有表示计划与打算。如果是非人称主语，be going to 不会是表示计划打算，而是推测。

如：The tree is going to fall down,as the wind is so strong.

Look! The book is going to be burnt.

Do you mind turning the TV off? I am going to make along distance call, it is hard to hear if the TVis on.

你介意把电视关掉吗？我想打个长途电话，电视开着很难听清楚。

She has just bought a computer and she is going to learn how to surf online.

He makes a lot of mistakes in his study, and his mom is going to be very angry.

⑥ be going to do 表示说话人对未来行动的计划或打算，通常是经常事先考虑并含有已经为这一行动做了某些准备的意思。will do 表示意愿，表示在说话的时刻立即做出决定将去做某事，事先并没有经过考虑，更没有为这一活动做出事先的准备。

如：A:Why are you taking the camera?

B：I am going to take some pictures.

A:The box is too heavy.

B:I will help you to carry it.

A:I have left my watch upstairs.

B:I'll get it for you.

⑦ 当机立断的决定，我们只能用 will 来表达。这一般是表示说话人事先并不知道，而是随着谈话的进展，在得知了新信息之后才做出的决定。这不是在预测，更不是在预先计划。

比较总结如下：

如：Husband:There isn't any milk in the fridge.

Wife：I will buy some after work.

用 will 表明这是当机立断的决定，指丈夫先发现没有牛奶，告诉她之后，她才决定去买牛奶。

Husband:There isn't any milk left in the fridge.

wife:I am going to buy some after work.

用 be going to 表明这是预先计划好的决定。意指她先发现没有牛奶，并已经决定去买牛奶，然后她丈夫才发现。

be going to 的用法

be going to 结构是一般将来时的一种。表示按计划、安排将要发生的事，或经主观推测将要或肯定要发生的动作。此结构通常译为“打算、计划、将要”等。

一、陈述句

肯定句：主语+ be (am / is / are) + going to + 动词原形 + 其他。

如：He is going to be a doctor in the future. I’m going to study math really hard.

否定句要在 be 的后面加 not。

如：I am not going to practice singing lessons after school.

二、一般疑问句

Be (am / is / are) + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他？

肯定回答：Yes, 主语 + am / is / are.

否定回答：No, 主语 + am / is / are not.

如：— Are you going to work all night?

— Yes, I am. / No, I am not.

— Is she going to visit her grandfather tomorrow?

— Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.

三、特殊疑问句

特殊疑问词 + be (am / is / are) + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他？

如：When is he going to have his hair cut?

What are you going to do this evening?

常用的时间状语有：this evening, tomorrow, next week, soon 等表示将来的词或短语。

注意：如表示“打算去某个地方”时，to 后面常跟表示地点的名词。如：

I am going to Beijing for vacation.

真题演练

1.With the development of science and technology，robot cooks_____in our families in the future．

A．appear

B．appeared

C．will appear

D．were appearing

2. Have you watched the new movieKung-Fu-Panda-3，Kelly？

-Not yet．I_____it with my classmate tonight.

A．will watch

B．was watching

C．have watched

3. He____very busy this week, he____free next week.

A. will be; is

B. is; is

C. will be; will be

D. is; will be

4. There_____a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.

A. was

B. is going to have

C. will have

D. is going to be

答案及解析

1.C

【解析】根据 in the future 可知，此句表示动作发生在将来，所以用一般将来时态；一般将来时态结构为：will + 动词原形．

2.A

【解析】根据答语中时间状语 tonight "今晚"可知，叙述的是在将来发生的事情，故用一般将来时态，一般将来时态的结构为 will + 动词原形.

3.D

4.D

现在完成时

定义

表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，或者刚刚终止，或者可能仍然要继续下去。

通俗来讲

1.发生于过去，和现在有关。

例如：He has lost his book.

他丢了他的书。（所以他到现在一直没书）

2.开始于过去，持续到现在。

例如：He has taught in our school for 30 years.

他在我们学校教书已有30年了。（现在还在教）

3.从过去到现在不断反复的动作或情况，且不断重复可能继续下去，也可能到现在结束。

例如：My father has always gone to work by bike.

我父亲一向骑车上班。（从过去到现在期间一直这样）

4.同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。（初中阶段不涉及）

例如：I'll wait until he has written his letter.

我愿等到他把信写完。

构成

主语 + have / has + done（过去分词） + …

句型

肯定句:主语 + have / has + 过去分词+ …

She has been to Shanghai.

她去过上海.

I have finished doing my homework.

我已经完成我的作业了.

否定句:主语 + have / has + not +过去分词+ …

I haven’t seen this film.

我没有看过这部电影.

She hasn’t finished doing his homework.

她还没有完成她的作业.

一般疑问句：Have / Has + 主语 +过去分词+ …

Have you seen this film ?

Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t .

你看过这部电影吗?

是的, 看过. / 不, 没有.

Has she finished doing his homework ?

Yes, she has . /No, she hasn’t.

她完成她的作业了吗?

是的, 完成了. / 不, 没有.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + have / has + 主语 +过去分词+ …

Who has finished doing his homework ?

谁完成了作业?

常见标志词

注意: for+一段时间since+过去的某一个时间点

I have lived in Hebei for ten years.

I have lived inHebeisince ten years ago/ 2002.

already :用于肯定句, 可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前，也可放在句末.

I have already finished my homework.

ever:曾经，用于疑问句中：

Have you ever been to Shanghai ?

你去过上海吗?

never:未曾、从未

I have never traveled by plane before.

我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过.

yet:用在疑问句中意为”已经”, 用在否定句中表示”还”, 常放在句末.

Have you finished your homework yet?

你已经完成作业吗？

I haven’t finished my homework yet.

我还没有完成作业。

recently：最近，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中

I have been busy recently.

We have not seen Tom recently.

Have they been here recently.

has gone to,has been to,has been in/on的区别

(1)have/ has been to 表示：曾经去过某地（已经回来了），常用于第三人称，可与once ,never,several times等连用

(2)have/ has gone to 表示：去了某地（还没有回来）

They have been to Shanghai twice.

他们去过上海两次。（已经回来了）

She has gone to Shanghai.

她去了上海（还没有回来）

(3)have been in表示“在某地呆了多少时间”，常与时间段状语连用

I have been in Shanghai for three years.

我到上海已有三年了。

He has been in London for half a month.

他来伦敦已有半个月了。

(4). have been on 表示“已经开始了多久”，表示持续性（物做主语）

The film has been on for ten minutes.

电影已经开始了10分钟了。

现在完成时的"未完成用法"

指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

例如：He has lived here since 1978.

自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。

注：现在完成时的"未完成用法"只适用于延续性动词

动词按其动作发生的方式，发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。

1. 延续性动词：表示能够延续的动作，也可以表示经验与经历.

work, stand, lie, walk, sleep, keep, wait, watch, sing, read, stay, live…

延续性动词可与for 和 since 引导的时间状语连用：

eg:

He has studied English for 6 years.

(他学习英语六年了，一直学习，study是延续性动词，并且很有可能继续学习下去)

I have known her since then.

(自从那时起我就认识她了，一直都认识，know是延续性动词)

2.非延续性动词：也称终止性动词或瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束.

open, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, die…

非延续性动词不能与for 和 since 引导的时间状语连用。

非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换(常用)

(1). 转化为相应的延续性动词

借borrow → keep

买buy → have

穿上put on → wear

慢慢了解get to know → know

进入梦乡get to sleep → sleep

得感冒catch a cold → have a cold

(2).转化为“ be+形容词/副词/介词/名词”

开始begin/start → be on

出去go out → be out

死die → be dead

打开open → be open

到达get to/ arrive in(at)/reach → be in+地点

离开leave → be away(from)

完成finish → be over

生病fall ill → be ill

起床get up → be up

进入梦乡fall asleep → be asleep

加入join → be in+活动/组织

去学校go to school → be in school

变得become → be make

与..为友friend→ be friends

关闭close → be closed

去树胶go to bed → be in bed

来/去come/ go → be + 相应的介词短语

句型转换

1. The old man died four years ago.（一般过去时）

The old man has been deadforfour years.

（现在完成时，将die变为 be dead）

The old man has been deadsince four years ago.

(现在完成时，since跟过去的时间点)

2. I borrowed the book five days ago.

I have kept the book for five days.

I have kept the book since five days ago.

3. He bought the bike three years ago.

He has had the bike for three years.

He has had the bike since three years ago.

4. She went to school two days ago.

She has been in school for two days.

She has been in school since two days ago.

5. My sister became a nurse one year ago.

My sister has been a nurse for one year.

My sister has been a nurse since one year.

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

在英语时态中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态 。

一般过去时：指向的时间是过去，它没有状态指向，只知道在过去发生过了，现在如何未知。

现在完成时：指向的时间仍然是过去，但同时还获知，事件是完成状态，而且是截止目前说话的当下，事件完成且状态仍然存在。

Who opened the door?

谁开的门？(只强调过去开门这一动作，现在门的开关状态不知。)

Who has opened the door?

谁把门开了？(强调门现在依然还开着。)

He lived in New York for eight years.

他在纽约住过10年。（现在是否住未知）

He has lived in New York for eight years.

他在纽约住了10年。（还在住）

现在完成时不能与时间点连用，如：three days ago, last year, yesterday, last Sunday, in 2008等等。

现在完成时不与when引导的特殊疑问句连用，when后只用一般过去时表示已发生的动作。但现在完成时可与where, why等疑问词连用。

Where have you been?

你去过哪里了？

The train has left.

火车已经驶离了。

When did the train leave?

火车什么时候驶离的？

※从实际运用或考试来看，最为直接地区分两种时态的用法的办法是寻找标志性词语。

专项练习

"

1、单选

1 You have _____ a tall young man.

A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up

2 He has ____ the watch for a year.

A buy B bought C have D had

3 Has your brother _____ the dog?

A kept in B fed C fed on D kept on

4I _____this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.

A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept

5 Have you ever _____to the Great Wall? It's very beautiful.

A gone B been C went D go

6 Her brother _____the Party since 1978.

A joined B has joined C has been in D was in

7 The Greens _____many places of interest since they came to China.

A will visit B visited C have visited D visit

8 I'm sorry, I ____ your name.

A had forgotten B forgot C have forgotten D forgotten

9 The bookshop _____ for eight years.

A has been open B has been opened Chas opened D has open

10 We have all the paper so we need to buy some.

A used up B made of C filled with D hunted for

11 The flower I ____grown up.

A planted has B planted have C has planted D have planted

答案：１B 2 D 3 B 4D 5 B 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 A 10 A 11 A

2、填空

1 Have you ever ______(take) a train?

2 It _________(be ) more than three years since Jim ______(leave) here.

3 Have you _____(make)friends with your new classmates yet?

4 I _______(have) my lunch and I'm not hungry now.

5 Jim has never seen a panda, _____he?

6 We ______(be) good friends since we met at school.

7 We can't find him anywhere. Perhaps he______(go) home.

8 He _____(read) the book before.

9 Mr. Green _____(teach) us a lot about social studies since September.

10 I _____never____ (meet) her sister before.

答案：1 taken 2 has been, left 3made 4 have had 5 has 6 have been 7 has gone 8 has read 9 has taught 10 have met

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